swap_horiz Helsinki Final Act Alternatives

1

Treaty of Westphalia

The Treaty of Westphalia, signed in 1648, formally ended the devastating Thirty Years’ War across central Europe. It fun...

Europe Peace Thirty Years War Sovereignty

9.6 Brilliant

2

European Convention on Human Rights

The European Convention on Human Rights is a landmark treaty established by the Council of Europe in 1950. It protects f...

Europe Human Rights 1950 Multilateral

9.6 Brilliant

3

Treaty of Vienna (1815)

The Treaty of Vienna, signed in 1815, formally concluded the Congress of Vienna. This treaty reshaped Europe following N...

Europe Congress 1815 Borders

9.5 Brilliant

4

Schengen Agreement

The Schengen Agreement is a 1985 treaty among several European nations facilitating passport-free movement within its zo...

Travel Europe 1985 EU

9.5 Brilliant

5

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, signed in 1990, formally concluded post-World War II arrange...

Cold War 1990 Bilateral Germany Reunification

9.5 Brilliant

6

Treaty of Maastricht

The Treaty of Maastricht, signed in 1992, fundamentally reshaped Europe’s political landscape. It created the European U...

Integration Europe 1992 EU

9.4 Excellent

7

Convention on the Rights of the Child

The Convention on the Rights of the Child is a landmark international treaty adopted by the United Nations in 1989. It e...

Human Rights 1989 Children Un

9.4 Excellent

8

Refugee Convention

The Refugee Convention is a foundational international treaty established by the United Nations in 1951. It outlines pro...

Human Rights 1951 Refugees Un

9.4 Excellent

9

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is a United Nations treaty adopted in 2006. It establishes int...

Human Rights 2006 Disability Un

9.4 Excellent

10

Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security (US-Japan 1960)

The Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan, signed in 1960, formalized a security...

Security Cold War 1960 Bilateral

9.4 Excellent

11

Treaty of Rome

The Treaty of Rome, signed in 1957, formally established the European Economic Community (EEC). This treaty among six na...

Europe EU 1957 Founding

9.3 Excellent

12

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is a foundational United Nations treaty adopted in 1966. It est...

Human Rights Civil Rights 1966 Un

9.3 Excellent

13

Convention Against Torture

The Convention Against Torture is a United Nations treaty adopted in 1984. It obligates signatory nations to prohibit to...

Human Rights 1984 Torture Un

9.2 Excellent

14

Five Eyes Agreement (UKUSA)

The UKUSA Agreement, established in 1946, is a multilateral intelligence agreement between the United States, United Kin...

Cold War Intelligence 1946 Signals

9.2 Excellent

15

START I

The START I Treaty was a landmark agreement between the United States and Soviet Union in 1991. It represented the first...

Cold War 1991 Nuclear Arms Reduction

9.1 Excellent

16

Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

The Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, signed in 1963, established a landmark agreement to halt nuclear weapons testing wi...

Cold War Testing Arms Control Nuclear

9.0 Excellent

17

US-Japan Security Treaty

The US-Japan Security Treaty of 1951 established a bilateral defense agreement between the United States and Japan. This...

Security Cold War 1951 Bilateral

9.0 Excellent

18

SALT I

SALT I, formally the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty of 1972, represents a pivotal moment in the Cold War. This treaty...

Cold War Arms Control Nuclear 1972

8.9 Great

19

Treaty of Utrecht

The Treaty of Utrecht, signed in 1713, concluded the War of the Spanish Succession. It reshaped European borders, primar...

Europe Spain Peace 1713

8.8 Great

20

Statute of the Council of Europe

The Statute of the Council of Europe is a foundational treaty establishing this intergovernmental organization. It outli...

Europe Human Rights 1949 Democracy

8.8 Great