Howard Gardner

In his 1983 book "Frames of Mind," Gardner originally proposed seven intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. He later added an eighth, naturalistic intelligence, and has discussed a possible ninth, existential intelligence.

Howard Gardner is the John H. and Elisabeth A. Hobbs Research Professor of Cognition and Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. He has been affiliated with Harvard University since the early 1970s and also co-founded Harvard Project Zero.

Yes, several psychologists have argued that Gardner's theory lacks sufficient empirical evidence compared to models of general intelligence (the g-factor). Critics note that several of Gardner's intelligences correlate strongly with one another, which they interpret as evidence of a single underlying cognitive ability.

"Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences," published in 1983, remains Gardner's most influential work. The book challenged the prevailing view that intelligence could be adequately captured by a single IQ-style measure.