swap_horiz Antisthenes Alternatives

1

Heraclitus

Heraclitus was a Greek philosopher from Ephesus, active around 500 BCE, notable for doctrines of constant change and the...

Change Ancient Greek Presocratic

9.3 Excellent

2

Parmenides

Parmenides was a Greek philosopher from Elea whose poem On Nature argued that true being is ungenerated, unchanging, and...

Ancient Greek Presocratic Being

9.3 Excellent

3

Epicurus

Epicurus was a Greek philosopher who founded the Garden in Athens in 306 BCE and made pleasure, friendship, and freedom...

Ethics Ancient Greek Epicureanism

9.2 Excellent

4

Chrysippus

Chrysippus was a 3rd-century BCE Stoic philosopher whose logic and ethics systematized Stoicism and shaped its later Rom...

Logic Ancient Greek Stoicism

9.1 Excellent

5

Mencius

Mencius was a Chinese Confucian philosopher of the 4th century BCE who argued that human nature is good and shaped later...

Ethics Ancient Chinese Confucianism

9.1 Excellent

6

Epictetus

Epictetus was a Greek Stoic philosopher, formerly enslaved, whose Discourses and Enchiridion teach control over judgment...

Ethics Ancient Roman Stoicism

8.9 Great

7

Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 CE and a Stoic philosopher whose Meditations records private ethical r...

Ethics Ancient Roman Stoicism

8.9 Great

8

Zeno of Citium

Zeno of Citium was a Cypriot philosopher who founded Stoicism in Athens around 300 BCE, teaching virtue in accord with n...

Ethics Ancient Greek Stoicism

8.8 Great

9

Zeno of Elea

Zeno of Elea was a 5th-century BCE Greek philosopher known for paradoxes of motion, including Achilles and the tortoise.

Logic Ancient Greek Paradox

8.6 Great

10

Sextus Empiricus

Sextus Empiricus was a Greek skeptic and physician, active around the 2nd century CE, whose writings preserve Pyrrhonian...

Ancient Greek Epistemology Skepticism

8.6 Great

11

Anaximander

Anaximander was a 6th-century BCE Milesian philosopher who proposed the apeiron as the origin of things and made an earl...

Cosmology Ancient Greek Presocratic

8.5 Great

12

Diogenes of Sinope

Diogenes of Sinope was a Greek Cynic philosopher of the 4th century BCE, famous for radical simplicity and criticism of...

Ethics Ancient Greek Cynicism

8.5 Great

13

Seneca

Seneca was a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, and dramatist who advised Nero and wrote major moral essays and letters...

Ethics Ancient Roman Stoicism

8.5 Great

14

Thales of Miletus

Thales of Miletus was a Greek philosopher from Ionia, active in the 6th century BCE, often regarded as the first Western...

Cosmology Ancient Greek Presocratic

8.4 Great

15

Mozi

Mozi was a Chinese philosopher of the 5th century BCE whose Mohist school argued for impartial care, frugality, and meri...

Ethics Ancient Chinese Mohism

8.4 Great

16

Empedocles

Empedocles was a Greek philosopher from Acragas who taught that four roots, earth, air, fire, and water, combine through...

Ancient Greek Presocratic Pluralism

8.3 Great

17

Protagoras

Protagoras was a 5th-century BCE Greek sophist from Abdera, noted for relativism and for teaching rhetoric to paying stu...

Ancient Greek Sophist Relativism

8.2 Great

18

Proclus

Proclus was a 5th-century CE Athenian Neoplatonist whose Elements of Theology gave systematic form to late ancient Plato...

Ancient Greek Metaphysics Neoplatonism

8.2 Great

19

Pyrrho

Pyrrho was a Greek philosopher from Elis whose suspension of judgment became the model for Pyrrhonian skepticism in late...

Ethics Ancient Greek Skepticism

8.1 Great

20

Cleanthes

Cleanthes was the second head of the Stoic school in Athens and author of the Hymn to Zeus, preserving early Stoic theol...

Ethics Ancient Greek Stoicism

7.0 Good