swap_horiz Kanada Alternatives

1

Laozi

Laozi, also known as Lao Tzu, was an ancient Chinese philosopher and attributed author of the Daodejing. This seminal te...

Ancient Chinese Metaphysics Daoism

9.8 Brilliant

2

Nagarjuna

Nagarjuna was a pivotal figure in early Buddhist philosophy. He developed the Madhyamaka school, exploring the concept o...

Indian Ancient Buddhist Emptiness

9.7 Brilliant

3

Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas was a 13th-century Catholic priest and philosopher. He developed a comprehensive system of thought integr...

Medieval Metaphysics Christian Scholasticism

9.6 Brilliant

4

Plotinus

Plotinus was a 3rd-century CE philosopher in Roman Egypt and Italy, founder of Neoplatonism and author of treatises coll...

Ancient Roman Metaphysics Neoplatonism

9.4 Excellent

5

Adi Shankara

Adi Shankara was an Indian philosopher of the 8th century who systematized Advaita Vedanta, teaching nondual identity of...

Indian Medieval Vedanta Metaphysics

9.4 Excellent

6

Baruch Spinoza

Baruch Spinoza was a prominent 17th-century Dutch philosopher known for his radical ideas. His *Ethics* presented a syst...

Dutch Metaphysics Early Modern Rationalism

9.4 Excellent

7

Heraclitus

Heraclitus was a Greek philosopher from Ephesus, active around 500 BCE, notable for doctrines of constant change and the...

Change Ancient Greek Presocratic

9.3 Excellent

8

Parmenides

Parmenides was a Greek philosopher from Elea whose poem On Nature argued that true being is ungenerated, unchanging, and...

Ancient Greek Presocratic Being

9.3 Excellent

9

Epicurus

Epicurus was a Greek philosopher who founded the Garden in Athens in 306 BCE and made pleasure, friendship, and freedom...

Ethics Ancient Greek Epicureanism

9.2 Excellent

10

Chrysippus

Chrysippus was a 3rd-century BCE Stoic philosopher whose logic and ethics systematized Stoicism and shaped its later Rom...

Logic Ancient Greek Stoicism

9.1 Excellent

11

Mencius

Mencius was a Chinese Confucian philosopher of the 4th century BCE who argued that human nature is good and shaped later...

Ethics Ancient Chinese Confucianism

9.1 Excellent

12

Gilles Deleuze

Gilles Deleuze was a French philosopher whose work on difference, desire, and cinema shaped postwar thought, including D...

French Metaphysics Continental Difference

9.1 Excellent

13

David Lewis

David Lewis was an American analytic philosopher noted for modal realism, arguing in On the Plurality of Worlds (1986) t...

American Metaphysics Analytic Modality

9.0 Excellent

14

Jacques Derrida

Jacques Derrida was a French philosopher, born in Algeria in 1930, known for deconstruction and major works such as Of G...

Language French Metaphysics Deconstruction

9.0 Excellent

15

Vasubandhu

Vasubandhu was an Indian Buddhist philosopher of the 4th or 5th century whose Abhidharmakosha and Yogacara works shaped...

Indian Ancient Buddhist Yogacara

8.8 Great

16

Patanjali

Patanjali was an ancient Indian author credited with the Yoga Sutra, a concise text that organized classical yoga around...

Indian Yoga Ancient Mind

8.7 Great

17

Proclus

Proclus was a 5th-century CE Athenian Neoplatonist whose Elements of Theology gave systematic form to late ancient Plato...

Ancient Greek Metaphysics Neoplatonism

8.2 Great

18

Dignaga

Dignaga was an Indian Buddhist logician of the 5th or 6th century who helped found Buddhist epistemology with theories o...

Logic Indian Ancient Buddhist

8.2 Great

19

Gautama Akshapada

Gautama Akshapada was an ancient Indian philosopher credited with the Nyaya Sutra, a foundational text on logic, debate,...

Logic Indian Ancient Nyaya

7.7 Good

20

Iamblichus

Iamblichus was a Syrian Neoplatonist of the 3rd and 4th centuries CE, notable for making theurgy central to later Platon...

Ancient Metaphysics Syrian Neoplatonism

7.6 Good