swap_horiz Mozi Alternatives

1

Laozi

Laozi, also known as Lao Tzu, was an ancient Chinese philosopher and attributed author of the Daodejing. This seminal te...

Ancient Chinese Metaphysics Daoism

9.8 Brilliant

2

Nagarjuna

Nagarjuna was a pivotal figure in early Buddhist philosophy. He developed the Madhyamaka school, exploring the concept o...

Indian Ancient Buddhist Emptiness

9.7 Brilliant

3

Plotinus

Plotinus was a 3rd-century CE philosopher in Roman Egypt and Italy, founder of Neoplatonism and author of treatises coll...

Ancient Roman Metaphysics Neoplatonism

9.4 Excellent

4

Heraclitus

Heraclitus was a Greek philosopher from Ephesus, active around 500 BCE, notable for doctrines of constant change and the...

Change Ancient Greek Presocratic

9.3 Excellent

5

Parmenides

Parmenides was a Greek philosopher from Elea whose poem On Nature argued that true being is ungenerated, unchanging, and...

Ancient Greek Presocratic Being

9.3 Excellent

6

John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill was an English philosopher whose 1859 On Liberty defended individual freedom and whose utilitarianism s...

Ethics British Liberty Utilitarianism

9.3 Excellent

7

Epicurus

Epicurus was a Greek philosopher who founded the Garden in Athens in 306 BCE and made pleasure, friendship, and freedom...

Ethics Ancient Greek Epicureanism

9.2 Excellent

8

Chrysippus

Chrysippus was a 3rd-century BCE Stoic philosopher whose logic and ethics systematized Stoicism and shaped its later Rom...

Logic Ancient Greek Stoicism

9.1 Excellent

9

Mencius

Mencius was a Chinese Confucian philosopher of the 4th century BCE who argued that human nature is good and shaped later...

Ethics Ancient Chinese Confucianism

9.1 Excellent

10

Soren Kierkegaard

Soren Kierkegaard was a Danish philosopher and theologian whose 1843 Either/Or explored choice, anxiety, faith, and the...

Danish Ethics Existentialism Religion

9.1 Excellent

11

Derek Parfit

Derek Parfit was a British philosopher noted for Reasons and Persons (1984), which reshaped debates on identity, rationa...

Ethics Identity British Reasons

9.1 Excellent

12

Zhu Xi

Zhu Xi was a Song dynasty Chinese philosopher who systematized Neo-Confucianism in the 12th century and made the Four Bo...

Medieval Chinese Metaphysics Confucianism

9.0 Excellent

13

Epictetus

Epictetus was a Greek Stoic philosopher, formerly enslaved, whose Discourses and Enchiridion teach control over judgment...

Ethics Ancient Roman Stoicism

8.9 Great

14

Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 CE and a Stoic philosopher whose Meditations records private ethical r...

Ethics Ancient Roman Stoicism

8.9 Great

15

Zeno of Citium

Zeno of Citium was a Cypriot philosopher who founded Stoicism in Athens around 300 BCE, teaching virtue in accord with n...

Ethics Ancient Greek Stoicism

8.8 Great

16

Diogenes of Sinope

Diogenes of Sinope was a Greek Cynic philosopher of the 4th century BCE, famous for radical simplicity and criticism of...

Ethics Ancient Greek Cynicism

8.5 Great

17

Seneca

Seneca was a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, and dramatist who advised Nero and wrote major moral essays and letters...

Ethics Ancient Roman Stoicism

8.5 Great

18

Pyrrho

Pyrrho was a Greek philosopher from Elis whose suspension of judgment became the model for Pyrrhonian skepticism in late...

Ethics Ancient Greek Skepticism

8.1 Great

19

Antisthenes

Antisthenes was a Greek philosopher and pupil of Socrates, often seen as a forerunner of Cynicism through his praise of...

Ethics Ancient Greek Cynicism

7.2 Good

20

Cleanthes

Cleanthes was the second head of the Stoic school in Athens and author of the Hymn to Zeus, preserving early Stoic theol...

Ethics Ancient Greek Stoicism

7.0 Good