swap_horiz Patanjali Alternatives

1

Laozi

Laozi, also known as Lao Tzu, was an ancient Chinese philosopher and attributed author of the Daodejing. This seminal te...

Ancient Chinese Metaphysics Daoism

9.8 Brilliant

2

Nagarjuna

Nagarjuna was a pivotal figure in early Buddhist philosophy. He developed the Madhyamaka school, exploring the concept o...

Indian Ancient Buddhist Emptiness

9.7 Brilliant

3

Plotinus

Plotinus was a 3rd-century CE philosopher in Roman Egypt and Italy, founder of Neoplatonism and author of treatises coll...

Ancient Roman Metaphysics Neoplatonism

9.4 Excellent

4

Adi Shankara

Adi Shankara was an Indian philosopher of the 8th century who systematized Advaita Vedanta, teaching nondual identity of...

Indian Medieval Vedanta Metaphysics

9.4 Excellent

5

Heraclitus

Heraclitus was a Greek philosopher from Ephesus, active around 500 BCE, notable for doctrines of constant change and the...

Change Ancient Greek Presocratic

9.3 Excellent

6

Parmenides

Parmenides was a Greek philosopher from Elea whose poem On Nature argued that true being is ungenerated, unchanging, and...

Ancient Greek Presocratic Being

9.3 Excellent

7

Epicurus

Epicurus was a Greek philosopher who founded the Garden in Athens in 306 BCE and made pleasure, friendship, and freedom...

Ethics Ancient Greek Epicureanism

9.2 Excellent

8

Chrysippus

Chrysippus was a 3rd-century BCE Stoic philosopher whose logic and ethics systematized Stoicism and shaped its later Rom...

Logic Ancient Greek Stoicism

9.1 Excellent

9

Mencius

Mencius was a Chinese Confucian philosopher of the 4th century BCE who argued that human nature is good and shaped later...

Ethics Ancient Chinese Confucianism

9.1 Excellent

10

Epictetus

Epictetus was a Greek Stoic philosopher, formerly enslaved, whose Discourses and Enchiridion teach control over judgment...

Ethics Ancient Roman Stoicism

8.9 Great

11

Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 CE and a Stoic philosopher whose Meditations records private ethical r...

Ethics Ancient Roman Stoicism

8.9 Great

12

Hilary Putnam

Hilary Putnam was an American philosopher of mind and language, notable for semantic externalism and the 1975 Twin Earth...

Realism American Analytic Mind

8.9 Great

13

Zeno of Citium

Zeno of Citium was a Cypriot philosopher who founded Stoicism in Athens around 300 BCE, teaching virtue in accord with n...

Ethics Ancient Greek Stoicism

8.8 Great

14

Vasubandhu

Vasubandhu was an Indian Buddhist philosopher of the 4th or 5th century whose Abhidharmakosha and Yogacara works shaped...

Indian Ancient Buddhist Yogacara

8.8 Great

15

Sextus Empiricus

Sextus Empiricus was a Greek skeptic and physician, active around the 2nd century CE, whose writings preserve Pyrrhonian...

Ancient Greek Epistemology Skepticism

8.6 Great

16

Dignaga

Dignaga was an Indian Buddhist logician of the 5th or 6th century who helped found Buddhist epistemology with theories o...

Logic Indian Ancient Buddhist

8.2 Great

17

Anaxagoras

Anaxagoras was a 5th-century BCE Greek philosopher who brought Ionian inquiry to Athens and made Nous, or mind, a cosmic...

Ancient Greek Presocratic Mind

8.1 Great

18

Kanada

Kanada was an ancient Indian philosopher credited with the Vaisheshika school, which classified reality through categori...

Indian Ancient Metaphysics Vaisesika

7.7 Good

19

Gautama Akshapada

Gautama Akshapada was an ancient Indian philosopher credited with the Nyaya Sutra, a foundational text on logic, debate,...

Logic Indian Ancient Nyaya

7.7 Good

20

Jiddu Krishnamurti

Jiddu Krishnamurti was an Indian philosopher and speaker, notable for rejecting organized belief after dissolving the Or...

Indian Freedom Spirituality Mind

7.2 Good