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Marshall G. S. Hodgson was an American historian of Islam and world history at the University of Chicago. His three-volume work The Venture of Islam, published posthumously in 1974, traces Islamic history within broader social, economic, and civilizational contexts from the rise of Islam through the...
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Arnold Toynbee was a British historian best known for A Study of History, a twelve-volume comparative work published between 1934 and 1961. He examined the development, expansion, and decline of civilizations rather than limiting his analysis to individual nation-states. Toynbee's framework emphasiz...
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