Top Results for Scientific

First published in Latin in 1687, Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica sets out the three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation through mathematical arguments. It applies these principles to terrestrial motion and planetary orbits, extending the discussion to tid...

Apple's 14-inch MacBook Pro with M4 Max places a chip intended for demanding professional work inside the smaller MacBook Pro format. It combines processing and graphics resources for compatible creative applications, including video editing and 3D rendering. Scientific computing can also be a suita...

Cell theory is a cornerstone of modern biology asserting that all life consists of cells. It highlights the fundamental unit of biological organization and explains how new cells develop from existing ones. This theory is essential for understanding diverse organisms, from bacteria to humans, and re...

Published in 1687, the first edition of Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica is a printed Latin book that helped establish classical mechanics. Newton set out his laws of motion and theory of universal gravitation through mathematical arguments, bringing the movement of object...

Charles Darwin's notebooks are historical documents containing the foundational scientific observations and sketches that contributed to his theory of evolution by natural selection. Held by the Cambridge University Library, the notebooks include his 1837 "Tree of Life" diagram used to visualize bio...

The first edition of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species appeared in 1859, presenting natural selection as a central mechanism of evolutionary change. Darwin explained how inherited differences could affect survival and reproduction, allowing populations to change over generations. The book de...

CRISPR-Cas9 is a technology enabling targeted changes to DNA. It utilizes a protein complex to locate and modify specific genetic sequences within an organism’s genome. This method represents a significant advance in biological research allowing scientists to investigate gene function and develop po...

Gregor Mendel was an Austrian scientist and Augustinian friar whose work revolutionized biology. Through careful observation of pea plant traits, he identified patterns of inheritance – now known as Mendel’s Laws. His quantitative genetics research provided the foundational basis for modern genetics...

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is revolutionizing our understanding of the universe. Its unprecedented infrared sensitivity allows it to peer through dust clouds and observe the first galaxies forming after the Big Bang. JWSTs ability to characterize exoplanet atmospheres is also groundbreaki...

Through natural selection, Charles Darwin explained how inherited differences can shape populations across generations. Individuals whose traits aid survival and reproduction can leave more descendants, allowing those traits to become more common. His five-year voyage aboard HMS Beagle supplied obse...

The Codex Atlanticus is a 12-volume collection of over 1,100 drawings and writings by Leonardo da Vinci, assembled in the late 16th century by the sculptor Pompeo Leoni. The papers cover subjects including mechanics, hydraulics, mathematics, astronomy, and anatomy. The codex is housed in the Bibliot...

The Human Genome Project was an ambitious international effort to determine the complete sequence of human DNA. Completed in 2003, it represents a foundational achievement in biology. This project mapped all genes within the human genome providing scientists with a comprehensive reference for unders...

Copernicus’ De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium is a foundational astronomical text published in 1543. This first edition presents Nicolaus Copernicus's groundbreaking heliocentric theory—that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun. It represents a pivotal shift in scientific understandi...

In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick built a physical model of the DNA molecule at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, demonstrating its double-helix structure. Their work drew on X-ray diffraction data produced by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins at King's College London. Watson and Cric...

Linus Pauling helped connect chemical bonding with the quantum-mechanical behavior of atoms, giving chemists new ways to explain molecular structure and reactivity. His work crossed into molecular biology, including research linking sickle-cell disease to abnormal hemoglobin. That connection helped...

This manuscript represents Albert Einstein’s groundbreaking 1905 paper, “Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper” (On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies). Published in the *Annalen der Physik*, it details his revolutionary theory of special relativity. The document showcases Einstein's initial formulat...

The Himalayan Rhododendron Portfolio showcases exquisitely detailed botanical illustrations created by Kew’s scientists during the 1870s. These plates document Joseph Hooker's extensive collection of rhododendrons gathered in the Himalayas. They represent a significant record of plant diversity and...

Careful measurement helped Antoine Lavoisier reshape chemistry in late eighteenth-century France. By weighing substances before and after reactions, he established a clear experimental basis for the conservation of mass: in an ordinary chemical reaction, matter is rearranged rather than simply creat...

German physician and scientist Robert Koch helped establish the experimental foundations of bacteriology in the late nineteenth century. His work connected specific microorganisms with particular infectious diseases, including anthrax and tuberculosis. He also isolated and studied the cholera bacter...

The immune system is a biological defense mechanism within the human body. It comprises specialized cells, tissues, and organs working to identify and neutralize harmful invaders like bacteria and viruses. Antibodies play a crucial role in this process. This system is vital for all individuals, part...

Galileo’s Sidereus Nuncius, published in 1610, is a pivotal astronomical treatise detailing his groundbreaking observations using a newly constructed telescope. The book presented evidence challenging established beliefs about the cosmos, specifically showcasing Jupiter's moons and detailed lunar su...

Louis Pasteur revolutionized medicine and biology by definitively disproving spontaneous generation and establishing the germ theory of disease. His experiments demonstrated that microorganisms cause fermentation and spoilage, leading to the process of pasteurization. Most importantly, he proved tha...

Banks' Florilegium brings together engraved botanical images derived from plants studied during Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander's voyage with Captain James Cook aboard Endeavour. Sydney Parkinson's drawings provided the foundation for the illustrations. The subjects extend beyond Polynesia and othe...

Ernst Ruska was a German physicist who designed and built the first electron microscope in 1931 while working at the Technical University of Berlin. By recognizing that electrons have wavelengths much shorter than light, Ruska's invention allowed for magnification and resolution far exceeding optica...

The Codex Leicester is a collection of scientific writings and sketches by Leonardo da Vinci, compiled around 1508. It primarily focuses on observations regarding the properties of water, geology, and astronomy. The manuscript was named after the Earl of Leicester, who purchased it in 1719, and was...

Introduced in 2024 by Google DeepMind and Isomorphic Labs, AlphaFold 3 predicts the joint three-dimensional structures of molecular complexes. Its scope includes proteins alongside DNA, RNA and small-molecule ligands, extending beyond the protein-focused capabilities of AlphaFold 2. Modeling these c...

Developed by DeepMind, now Google DeepMind, AlphaFold 2 predicts a protein's three-dimensional structure from information that includes its amino acid sequence. The system demonstrated a major advance in prediction accuracy at the CASP14 assessment in 2020. Its research paper and open-source softwar...

This artifact is an X-ray diffraction photograph, designated 51, produced in 1952 by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling. The image reveals the repeating structure of DNA molecules. It proved crucial to James Watson and Francis Crick’s development of the now-standard double helix model for DNA's s...

Vesalius’s *De Humani Corporis Fabrica* (1543) is a foundational anatomical atlas. Produced in its first edition, it presented detailed illustrations based on Vesalius's own dissections of human cadavers. This work directly challenged established Galenic theories regarding human anatomy and ushered...