description Polonnaruwa Overview
Polonnaruwa is a major archaeological site in Sri Lanka that served as the island nation's second capital from the 11th to the 13th centuries CE. Under rulers like King Parakramabahu I, the city was developed into a major urban and religious center with advanced irrigation systems, including the large artificial reservoir known as the Sea of Parakrama. The site preserves numerous Buddhist and Hindu monuments, royal palaces, and assembly halls. One of its most notable features is Gal Vihara, a rock temple containing four colossal, intricately carved statues of the Buddha.
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When was Polonnaruwa the capital of Sri Lanka?
Polonnaruwa served as Sri Lanka's second capital from the 11th to the 13th centuries CE. It followed Anuradhapura as a major political and religious center.
What did King Parakramabahu I build at Polonnaruwa?
King Parakramabahu I expanded Polonnaruwa into a major urban and irrigation center. His reign is especially associated with the Parakrama Samudra reservoir, a vast artificial water body supporting agriculture.
What is the Gal Vihara at Polonnaruwa?
Gal Vihara is a group of large Buddha images carved into a granite rock face. It is one of Polonnaruwa's best-known monuments and represents the site's sophisticated medieval Buddhist art.
Why are Polonnaruwa's irrigation works important?
Polonnaruwa's reservoirs and canals supported farming in Sri Lanka's dry zone. Their scale shows how the medieval kingdom connected water management with urban growth and state power.
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