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Mass-energy equivalence, expressed by Einstein's famous equation E=mc², states that mass and energy are fundamentally interchangeable; a small amount of mass can be converted into a tremendous amount of energy, and vice versa.
The Higgs mechanism explains how fundamental particles acquire mass through interaction with an omnipresent quantum field, the Higgs field, which results in the creation of the Higgs boson.
The Higgs boson is a fundamental particle associated with the Higgs field, which permeates space and explains how other particles acquire mass through interaction.
Neutrino oscillation is the phenomenon where neutrino flavor states spontaneously change into other flavors (electron, muon, or tau) as they travel, due to quantum mechanical mixing of mass eigenstates.
