swap_horiz Duns Scotus Alternatives

1

Laozi

Laozi, also known as Lao Tzu, was an ancient Chinese philosopher and attributed author of the Daodejing. This seminal te...

Ancient Chinese Metaphysics Daoism

9.8 Brilliant

2

Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas was a 13th-century Catholic priest and philosopher. He developed a comprehensive system of thought integr...

Medieval Metaphysics Christian Scholasticism

9.6 Brilliant

3

David Hume

David Hume was a significant Scottish philosopher of the early-modern period. His work, particularly the *Treatise of Hu...

Empiricism Scottish Early Modern Skepticism

9.6 Brilliant

4

Augustine of Hippo

Augustine of Hippo was a prominent philosopher and theologian born in present-day Algeria. He profoundly influenced West...

Will Theology Christian Late Antique

9.5 Brilliant

5

Plotinus

Plotinus was a 3rd-century CE philosopher in Roman Egypt and Italy, founder of Neoplatonism and author of treatises coll...

Ancient Roman Metaphysics Neoplatonism

9.4 Excellent

6

Adi Shankara

Adi Shankara was an Indian philosopher of the 8th century who systematized Advaita Vedanta, teaching nondual identity of...

Indian Medieval Vedanta Metaphysics

9.4 Excellent

7

Baruch Spinoza

Baruch Spinoza was a prominent 17th-century Dutch philosopher known for his radical ideas. His *Ethics* presented a syst...

Dutch Metaphysics Early Modern Rationalism

9.4 Excellent

8

Al-Ghazali

Al-Ghazali was an 11th-century Persian theologian whose Incoherence of the Philosophers challenged Avicennian metaphysic...

Medieval Islamic Theology Skepticism

9.2 Excellent

9

Maimonides

Maimonides was a 12th-century Jewish philosopher in Egypt whose Guide for the Perplexed reconciled Aristotelian philosop...

Medieval Theology Jewish Aristotelianism

9.1 Excellent

10

Zhu Xi

Zhu Xi was a Song dynasty Chinese philosopher who systematized Neo-Confucianism in the 12th century and made the Four Bo...

Medieval Chinese Metaphysics Confucianism

9.0 Excellent

11

Anselm of Canterbury

Anselm of Canterbury was an Italian-born monk and archbishop whose Proslogion presented an ontological argument for God'...

Logic Medieval Theology Christian

8.8 Great

12

Ramanuja

Ramanuja was an Indian theologian of the 11th or 12th century who founded Vishishtadvaita Vedanta and defended devotion...

Indian Medieval Vedanta Theology

8.6 Great

13

Suhrawardi

Suhrawardi was a 12th-century Persian philosopher who founded Illuminationism, blending rational argument with a metaphy...

Medieval Metaphysics Persian Illuminationism

8.2 Great

14

Al-Kindi

Al-Kindi was a 9th-century Arab philosopher in Abbasid Baghdad, often called the first major philosopher to write in Ara...

Science Medieval Metaphysics Arab

8.0 Great

15

Nicholas of Cusa

Nicholas of Cusa was a 15th-century German cardinal and philosopher whose On Learned Ignorance described human knowledge...

German Renaissance Metaphysics Theology

8.0 Great

16

John Scotus Eriugena

John Scotus Eriugena was a 9th-century Irish philosopher at the Carolingian court whose Periphyseon joined Neoplatonism...

Medieval Irish Theology Neoplatonism

7.8 Good

17

Saadia Gaon

Saadia Gaon was a 10th-century Jewish philosopher in Abbasid Babylonia whose Book of Beliefs and Opinions defended Judai...

Medieval Theology Reason Jewish

7.6 Good

18

Judah Halevi

Judah Halevi was a 12th-century Jewish poet and philosopher in Spain whose Kuzari defended Judaism through a dialogue wi...

Medieval Poetry Theology Jewish

7.6 Good

19

Hildegard of Bingen

Hildegard of Bingen was a 12th-century German abbess, visionary, and writer whose Scivias linked theology, cosmology, mu...

German Medieval Theology Mysticism

7.5 Good

20

Hasdai Crescas

Hasdai Crescas was a 14th-century Jewish philosopher in Aragon whose Or Adonai criticized Aristotelian physics and influ...

Medieval Metaphysics Theology Jewish

7.1 Good