Top Results for Theology

The Freedom of a Christian is a theological treatise Martin Luther published in 1520 during the early Protestant Reformation. It presents the paired claim that a Christian is free in faith and conscience while also bound to serve others through love. Luther distinguishes justification, which he grou...

Søren Kierkegaard was a 19th-century Danish thinker whose work profoundly shaped Western philosophy. He explored themes of individual existence, subjective truth, and the relationship between faith and reason. His focus on personal experience and ethical decision-making influenced existentialist tho...

Al-Ghazali was a prominent Islamic philosopher and jurist from Persia who lived during the medieval period. He significantly impacted theology and intellectual discourse through his critiques of philosophical approaches, particularly those influenced by Avicenna. His work, including *Incoherence*, q...

Moses ben Maimon, known as Maimonides, was a prominent 12th-century Jewish philosopher born in Egypt. He is notable for his extensive work synthesizing Aristotelian thought with Jewish religious doctrine. His *Guide for the Perplexed* remains a seminal text within medieval Jewish theology and philos...

Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109) was a medieval Archbishop of Canterbury and influential philosopher. He developed the ontological argument for God’s existence in his work, *Proslogion*, arguing that God's very nature necessitates His being. This reasoning remains significant within Christian theolo...

John Duns Scotus was a 13th-century Scottish philosopher and theologian associated with the Franciscan order. He is notable for developing a complex metaphysical system emphasizing individual existence and the inherent goodness of creation. His theories on universals – particularly his defense of un...

Ramanuja was a prominent philosopher of medieval India. He developed Vishishtadvaita Vedanta, a school of thought emphasizing qualified non-dualism within the context of devotional worship of Vishnu. His work significantly shaped Hindu theology and remains influential for scholars studying Indian ph...

Boethius was a late-antique Roman philosopher who profoundly influenced Western thought. He served as consul and advisor to King Theodoric II of Ostrogoth before his unjust execution. His most significant work, *The Consolation of Philosophy*, explores themes of virtue, fortune, and divine providenc...

The Trial of God is a 1979 play by Romanian-American writer and Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel. Set after a pogrom, it presents a mock trial in which human survivors accuse God of abandoning them and debate the possibility of divine justice. The drama draws on Jewish theological argument, historical...

Nathan the Wise is a play by German Enlightenment author Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, published in 1779. Set in Jerusalem during the Third Crusade, it focuses on the relationship between the Jewish merchant Nathan, the Muslim Sultan Saladin, and a young Christian Knight Templar. The drama is best known...

Apologia Pro Vita Sua is an autobiographical defense of John Henry Newman's religious development, first published in 1864. Written in response to public criticism, it traces the beliefs and arguments that led Newman from Anglican ministry and the Oxford Movement to reception into the Roman Catholic...

*The Gospel According to Jesus Christ* is a 1991 novel by Portuguese Nobel laureate José Saramago that offers a radically humanized and unconventional retelling of the life of Jesus Christ. In the narrative, Jesus is depicted as a flawed human being who grapples with his divine destiny and the polit...

Graham Greene's 1948 novel set in British colonial West Africa, tracing a Catholic police officer's moral collapse under the weight of pity and guilt, widely regarded as Greene's most theologically searching work.

The Shabaka Stone is a basalt stele originating from Egypt’s late period, specifically the 25th Dynasty. It contains the Memphite Theology, a significant collection of religious beliefs concerning creation and divine kingship. The stone was commissioned by Kushite Pharaoh Shabaka who ordered its cop...

'The Man Who Was Thursday: A Nightmare' is a metaphysical thriller by G.K. Chesterton, published in 1908. The story follows Gabriel Syme, a poet turned undercover detective who is recruited by Scotland Yard to infiltrate a secret council of European anarchists. At the council, Syme discovers that ea...

Meister Eckhart was a significant 13th-14th century German philosopher and theologian associated with the Dominican order. His writings explored profound concepts of detachment from worldly concerns and achieving direct union with God through mystical experience. Eckhart’s ideas on the nature of bei...

Albertus Magnus was a 13th-century German Dominican friar, bishop, theologian, and philosopher whose writings addressed logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural philosophy, and Christian doctrine. He helped introduce and systematically interpret Aristotelian learning in the Latin scholastic world and tau...

Nicholas of Cusa was a prominent German Renaissance philosopher known for his complex explorations of metaphysics and theology. His work, particularly *On Learned Ignorance*, argued that human understanding is inherently limited, revealing an infinite God beyond our grasp. This concept remains signi...

C.S. Lewis's 1956 novel retelling the Cupid and Psyche myth through the jealous narrator Orual, considered his most mature fiction and a sustained inquiry into self-deception and the nature of divine love.

Sufism is the mystical dimension of Islam, focusing on achieving direct, ecstatic experience of the Divine Beloved. It prioritizes the purification of the heart and the annihilation of the ego (Fana) to achieve union with God. Its teachings are deeply personal, emphasizing love, remembrance (Dhikr),...

John Scotus Eriugena was a 9th-century Irish philosopher and theologian who worked at the Carolingian court of Charles the Bald. He is best known for his major work, the "Periphyseon" (The Division of Nature), which attempts to reconcile Christian theology with Neoplatonic philosophy in a dialectica...

Friedrich Schleiermacher was an 18th–19th-century German theologian and philosopher who founded modern hermeneutics and liberal Protestant theology, and helped establish the University of Berlin in 1810.

The Bell is a novel written by the British author Iris Murdoch and published in 1958. Set in the grounds of a fictional Anglican abbey, the narrative focuses on an enclosed lay religious community living adjacent to a strict order of nuns. The plot revolves around the community's attempt to install...

Xenophanes was a Greek poet and philosopher active during the late sixth and early fifth centuries BCE. He criticized traditional stories that attributed human appearance, misconduct, and local ethnic features to the gods, observing that people imagine deities in their own image. His surviving fragm...

Judah Halevi (c. 1075-1141) was a medieval Jewish poet, philosopher, and physician from Spain, considered one of the greatest Hebrew poets of his era. He composed both secular and religious works, including numerous liturgical poems (piyyutim) that remain part of Jewish religious liturgy. His philos...

Saadia Gaon (882–942) was a prominent Jewish philosopher, rabbi, and exegete who served as Gaon of the Sura Academy in Abbasid Babylonia. His major philosophical work, The Book of Beliefs and Opinions (Emunot ve-Deot), defended rabbinic Judaism using rationalist argument influenced by Islamic Mu'taz...

Peter van Inwagen is an American analytic philosopher, born in 1942, whose work addresses metaphysics, free will, philosophical theology, and the philosophy of religion. He formulated the consequence argument, an influential defense of incompatibilism holding that determinism and genuine freedom can...

Hildegard of Bingen was a twelfth-century German Benedictine abbess, visionary, composer, and writer. Her works address theology, cosmology, natural history, healing, morality, and music, often presenting knowledge through accounts of religious visions. Scivias, her best-known visionary text, combin...

Paul Tillich was a 20th-century German-American theologian and philosopher whose method of correlation sought to relate existentialist philosophy to Christian theology in works like his three-volume Systematic Theology.