Best Skepticism
David Hume was a significant Scottish philosopher of the early-modern period. His work, particularly the *Treatise of Human Nature*, explored fundamental questions regarding causality, skepticism, and human morality. He is notable for his empiricist approach, arguing that much knowledge derives from...
Zhuangzi was an ancient Chinese philosopher living around 400 BCE. His writings, primarily contained within *The Zhuangzi*, explore Daoist concepts through engaging stories and thought experiments. He challenges conventional understandings of reality, morality, and self. These ideas are particularly...
Al-Ghazali was a prominent Islamic philosopher and jurist from Persia who lived during the medieval period. He significantly impacted theology and intellectual discourse through his critiques of philosophical approaches, particularly those influenced by Avicenna. His work, including *Incoherence*, q...
Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) was a prominent French Renaissance philosopher best known for his Essays. These writings, beginning with their initial publication in 1580, established a new approach to philosophical inquiry through sustained self-reflection and detailed personal observation. Montaig...
Sextus Empiricus was a second-century Greek philosopher known for his systematic defense of Pyrrhonism, a school of skepticism. His extant works, primarily treatises on ethics and medicine, meticulously present arguments challenging foundational beliefs about knowledge and reality. He is particularl...
Pyrrho of Elis was an ancient Greek philosopher renowned for his radical skepticism. He advocated for “suspension of judgment” – a method of questioning all beliefs and opinions rather than seeking definitive answers. This approach profoundly influenced later Pyrrhonian schools dedicated to ethical...
Carneades was a Greek philosopher of the second century BCE and a leading figure in the skeptical phase of Plato's Academy at Athens. He left no known writings, and his arguments are preserved mainly through later authors, especially Cicero and Sextus Empiricus. Carneades challenged claims to certai...
