swap_horiz Hypatia Alternatives

1

Laozi

Laozi, also known as Lao Tzu, was an ancient Chinese philosopher and attributed author of the Daodejing. This seminal te...

Ancient Chinese Metaphysics Daoism

9.8 Brilliant

2

Nagarjuna

Nagarjuna was a pivotal figure in early Buddhist philosophy. He developed the Madhyamaka school, exploring the concept o...

Indian Ancient Buddhist Emptiness

9.7 Brilliant

3

Plotinus

Plotinus was a 3rd-century CE philosopher in Roman Egypt and Italy, founder of Neoplatonism and author of treatises coll...

Ancient Roman Metaphysics Neoplatonism

9.4 Excellent

4

Gottlob Frege

Gottlob Frege was a German logician whose 1879 Begriffsschrift founded modern predicate logic and transformed philosophy...

Language German Mathematics Logic

9.4 Excellent

5

Heraclitus

Heraclitus was a Greek philosopher from Ephesus, active around 500 BCE, notable for doctrines of constant change and the...

Change Ancient Greek Presocratic

9.3 Excellent

6

Parmenides

Parmenides was a Greek philosopher from Elea whose poem On Nature argued that true being is ungenerated, unchanging, and...

Ancient Greek Presocratic Being

9.3 Excellent

7

Epicurus

Epicurus was a Greek philosopher who founded the Garden in Athens in 306 BCE and made pleasure, friendship, and freedom...

Ethics Ancient Greek Epicureanism

9.2 Excellent

8

Chrysippus

Chrysippus was a 3rd-century BCE Stoic philosopher whose logic and ethics systematized Stoicism and shaped its later Rom...

Logic Ancient Greek Stoicism

9.1 Excellent

9

Mencius

Mencius was a Chinese Confucian philosopher of the 4th century BCE who argued that human nature is good and shaped later...

Ethics Ancient Chinese Confucianism

9.1 Excellent

10

Epictetus

Epictetus was a Greek Stoic philosopher, formerly enslaved, whose Discourses and Enchiridion teach control over judgment...

Ethics Ancient Roman Stoicism

8.9 Great

11

Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 CE and a Stoic philosopher whose Meditations records private ethical r...

Ethics Ancient Roman Stoicism

8.9 Great

12

Zeno of Citium

Zeno of Citium was a Cypriot philosopher who founded Stoicism in Athens around 300 BCE, teaching virtue in accord with n...

Ethics Ancient Greek Stoicism

8.8 Great

13

Vasubandhu

Vasubandhu was an Indian Buddhist philosopher of the 4th or 5th century whose Abhidharmakosha and Yogacara works shaped...

Indian Ancient Buddhist Yogacara

8.8 Great

14

Patanjali

Patanjali was an ancient Indian author credited with the Yoga Sutra, a concise text that organized classical yoga around...

Indian Yoga Ancient Mind

8.7 Great

15

Zeno of Elea

Zeno of Elea was a 5th-century BCE Greek philosopher known for paradoxes of motion, including Achilles and the tortoise.

Logic Ancient Greek Paradox

8.6 Great

16

Sextus Empiricus

Sextus Empiricus was a Greek skeptic and physician, active around the 2nd century CE, whose writings preserve Pyrrhonian...

Ancient Greek Epistemology Skepticism

8.6 Great

17

Lucretius

Lucretius was a Roman poet and Epicurean thinker whose 1st-century BCE poem On the Nature of Things explains atomism in...

Ancient Poetry Roman Epicureanism

8.6 Great

18

Proclus

Proclus was a 5th-century CE Athenian Neoplatonist whose Elements of Theology gave systematic form to late ancient Plato...

Ancient Greek Metaphysics Neoplatonism

8.2 Great

19

Porphyry

Porphyry was a 3rd-century CE Neoplatonist from Tyre who edited Plotinus's Enneads and wrote the influential logical int...

Logic Ancient Roman Neoplatonism

7.7 Good

20

Iamblichus

Iamblichus was a Syrian Neoplatonist of the 3rd and 4th centuries CE, notable for making theurgy central to later Platon...

Ancient Metaphysics Syrian Neoplatonism

7.6 Good