Best SO2
Masaya Volcano, located approximately 20 kilometers south of Managua in Nicaragua, is an active basaltic shield volcano with a caldera containing multiple craters. Its Santiago crater hosts a persistent lava lake that continuously emits substantial quantities of sulfur dioxide gas, making it one of...
Why this score?
Exceptionally accessible active crater, powerful degassing, lava lake history, and deep cultural significance place it among world leaders.
Scoring methodology
The Kīlauea summit fumaroles are volcanic gas vents located within the Halemaʻumaʻu crater of Kīlauea, an active shield volcano in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. These openings continuously emit steam and sulfur dioxide gas, creating visible plumes and contributing to volcanic air pollution known a...
Why this score?
Dynamic summit collapses, intense gas emissions, global scientific importance, and national park access sustain elite recognition.
Scoring methodology
