Best Topology
The integer quantum Hall effect describes a phenomenon in two-dimensional materials where electrical current flow is precisely controlled by magnetic fields and temperature. Electrons exhibit quantized resistance at specific values, multiples of h/e², demonstrating unique topological properties of m...
Topological order describes a phase of matter in quantum systems involving many interacting particles. It’s notable because electron behavior is dictated by the overall spatial arrangement – topology – rather than individual particle interactions. This creates inherent stability against small distur...
Henri Poincaré was a prominent French mathematician and physicist active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His significant contributions fundamentally shaped topology, a branch exploring properties preserved under continuous deformation. He also explored connections between geometry, analys...
David J. Thouless was a prominent British physicist specializing in topology and condensed matter theory. His research significantly advanced our understanding of phase transitions within materials, particularly concerning topological order. He developed key concepts used to describe exotic states o...
F. Duncan Haldane is a theoretical physicist recognized for his pioneering work on topology and condensed matter physics. His research into topological phases of materials, particularly those exhibiting quantized Hall effects, fundamentally advanced our understanding of electron behavior. This work...
J. Michael Kosterlitz is a theoretical physicist recognized for his work on condensed matter theory. He co-developed the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition, a significant discovery concerning topological defects in two-dimensional materials. His research focuses on topology and its application to unders...
The quantum spin Hall effect describes a phenomenon in specific materials where electrons carrying opposite spins flow through an edge channel. This creates distinct, unidirectional electrical currents due to topology and avoids scattering caused by imperfections within the material. It’s particular...
Herbert Edelsbrunner is an Austrian computer scientist known for founding topological data analysis and making fundamental contributions to computational geometry. His work includes algorithms for geometric computation, computational topology, and alpha shapes, a technique for representing the shape...
The Aharonov-Bohm effect illustrates a fundamental quantum mechanical phenomenon. It shows that particles like electrons can be affected by electromagnetic potentials, regardless of whether corresponding electric and magnetic fields are directly observed. This occurs due to the phase shift introduce...
A topological insulator is a state of matter where electrons conduct electricity along surfaces while remaining insulating within the bulk. Its notable characteristic arises from topologically protected edge states—conducting pathways immune to scattering by impurities or defects. These materials ar...
Jean-Pierre Luminet is a French astrophysicist and research director at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). In 1979 he published the first computer-simulated image of a black hole surrounded by an accretion disk, illustrating gravitational lensing effects predicted by general re...
Grigori Perelman was a Russian mathematician whose independent work significantly advanced theoretical topology. He is most notably recognized for proving the Poincaré conjecture, a longstanding problem considered one of the greatest mathematical achievements of the 20th century. Perelman's solution...
Sprouts is a pencil-and-paper mathematical game devised by John Horton Conway and Michael Paterson at the University of Cambridge in 1967. Players alternately join existing spots with noncrossing curves, placing one new spot on each curve; no spot may have more than three incident line ends. The gam...
Orchestrator is Zerto’s management platform that centrally controls and monitors replication, recovery, and application continuity for virtual workloads across multiple sites, ensuring business resilience through automated disaster recovery processes.
Circular Chess is played on a round board divided into concentric rings and radial files, reviving a historical medieval format popularized in modern times by Lincoln, England.
Cylinder Chess treats the left and right edges of the board as connected, allowing pieces like rooks or bishops to wrap around horizontally to attack from the opposite side.
Toroidal Chess connects all four edges of the board, meaning pieces can move off any side and reappear on the opposite side, functioning as if the board were the surface of a donut.
