Best Equilibrium
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1
The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other, establishing the concept of temperature.
2
Gibbs free energy combines enthalpy and entropy to predict the spontaneity of a process at constant temperature and pressure; a negative value indicates a spontaneous reaction.
3
Helmholtz free energy (F = U - TS) quantifies the maximum amount of work obtainable from a closed system at constant temperature and volume, combining internal energy, temperature, and entropy.
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