Faraday's law of induction

Faraday’s Law of induction states that a changing magnetic field passing through a circuit will induce an electromotive force (EMF) in that circuit. The magnitude of this induced voltage is directly proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux.

The principle was discovered by the English scientist Michael Faraday in 1831. His discovery laid the foundational physics concept for the development of electric motors, transformers, and generators.

While Faraday's law calculates the magnitude of the induced electromotive force, Lenz's law determines the direction of the induced current. Lenz's law states that the induced current will flow in a direction that opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it.

The most common real-world application of Faraday's law is the electrical generator, where mechanical energy spins a coil inside a magnetic field to create electrical current. It is also the operating principle behind modern induction stovetops and wireless phone charging.