swap_horiz Al-Ghazali Alternatives

1

Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas was a 13th-century Catholic priest and philosopher. He developed a comprehensive system of thought integr...

Medieval Metaphysics Christian Scholasticism

9.6 Brilliant

2

David Hume

David Hume was a significant Scottish philosopher of the early-modern period. His work, particularly the *Treatise of Hu...

Empiricism Scottish Early Modern Skepticism

9.6 Brilliant

3

Augustine of Hippo

Augustine of Hippo was a prominent philosopher and theologian born in present-day Algeria. He profoundly influenced West...

Will Theology Christian Late Antique

9.5 Brilliant

4

Adi Shankara

Adi Shankara was an Indian philosopher of the 8th century who systematized Advaita Vedanta, teaching nondual identity of...

Indian Medieval Vedanta Metaphysics

9.4 Excellent

5

Ibn Rushd

Ibn Rushd was a 12th-century Andalusian philosopher and jurist whose Aristotle commentaries influenced medieval Islamic,...

Law Medieval Andalusian Aristotelianism

9.1 Excellent

6

Maimonides

Maimonides was a 12th-century Jewish philosopher in Egypt whose Guide for the Perplexed reconciled Aristotelian philosop...

Medieval Theology Jewish Aristotelianism

9.1 Excellent

7

Michel de Montaigne

Michel de Montaigne was a French Renaissance essayist whose Essays, first published in 1580, made skeptical self-examina...

French Renaissance Essays Skepticism

9.1 Excellent

8

Zhu Xi

Zhu Xi was a Song dynasty Chinese philosopher who systematized Neo-Confucianism in the 12th century and made the Four Bo...

Medieval Chinese Metaphysics Confucianism

9.0 Excellent

9

Al-Farabi

Al-Farabi was a 10th-century philosopher from Central Asia whose Arabic works joined Plato and Aristotle with political...

Logic Medieval Politics Islamic

8.8 Great

10

Anselm of Canterbury

Anselm of Canterbury was an Italian-born monk and archbishop whose Proslogion presented an ontological argument for God'...

Logic Medieval Theology Christian

8.8 Great

11

Duns Scotus

Duns Scotus was a medieval Franciscan philosopher from Scotland whose work defended univocity of being and the doctrine...

Medieval Metaphysics Scottish Theology

8.7 Great

12

William of Ockham

William of Ockham was a 14th-century English Franciscan philosopher known for nominalism and the principle later called...

Logic Medieval English Nominalism

8.7 Great

13

Sextus Empiricus

Sextus Empiricus was a Greek skeptic and physician, active around the 2nd century CE, whose writings preserve Pyrrhonian...

Ancient Greek Epistemology Skepticism

8.6 Great

14

Ramanuja

Ramanuja was an Indian theologian of the 11th or 12th century who founded Vishishtadvaita Vedanta and defended devotion...

Indian Medieval Vedanta Theology

8.6 Great

15

Boethius

Boethius was a Roman philosopher and statesman executed in 524 CE, best known for The Consolation of Philosophy written...

Logic Roman Theology Late Antique

8.5 Great

16

John Scotus Eriugena

John Scotus Eriugena was a 9th-century Irish philosopher at the Carolingian court whose Periphyseon joined Neoplatonism...

Medieval Irish Theology Neoplatonism

7.8 Good

17

Saadia Gaon

Saadia Gaon was a 10th-century Jewish philosopher in Abbasid Babylonia whose Book of Beliefs and Opinions defended Judai...

Medieval Theology Reason Jewish

7.6 Good

18

Judah Halevi

Judah Halevi was a 12th-century Jewish poet and philosopher in Spain whose Kuzari defended Judaism through a dialogue wi...

Medieval Poetry Theology Jewish

7.6 Good

19

Hildegard of Bingen

Hildegard of Bingen was a 12th-century German abbess, visionary, and writer whose Scivias linked theology, cosmology, mu...

German Medieval Theology Mysticism

7.5 Good

20

Hasdai Crescas

Hasdai Crescas was a 14th-century Jewish philosopher in Aragon whose Or Adonai criticized Aristotelian physics and influ...

Medieval Metaphysics Theology Jewish

7.1 Good