Best Nobel Laureate

Glenn T. Seaborg was a pioneering American chemist whose work fundamentally shaped nuclear chemistry during the 20th century. He co-discovered plutonium and nine other transuranic elements, significantly expanding our understanding of atomic structure and radioactivity. His research contributed dire...

Robert Solow (1924-2023) was an American economist known for foundational research on economic growth. The Solow growth model explains how capital accumulation, labor-force growth, and technological progress affect output over time, with sustained growth in output per worker ultimately depending on...

Daron Acemoglu is a Turkish-American economist and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology whose research examines political institutions, technological change, labor markets, and economic development. He shared the 2024 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Simon Johnson and...

Friedrich August von Hayek was an Austrian-British economist and political thinker associated with the Austrian school of economics. He shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for work on money, economic fluctuations, and the interdependence of economic, social,...

Shirin Ebadi is an Iranian legal expert and prominent advocate for human rights. She gained international recognition in 2003 when she received the Nobel Peace Prize, marking her as the first Muslim woman to achieve this honor. Her work focuses on defending vulnerable populations within Iran, partic...

Walter Kohn was an Austrian-born American theoretical physicist who made foundational contributions to the fields of quantum mechanics and physical chemistry. He is best known for developing density functional theory (DFT), which revolutionized the way scientists calculate the electronic structure o...

Paul Krugman is an American economist who won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Economics for developing New Trade Theory, which explains trade patterns through economies of scale rather than comparative advantage alone.

Gary Becker (1930–2014) was an American economist who won the 1992 Nobel Prize for extending economic analysis to human behavior including education, crime, and discrimination through human capital theory.

Jean Tirole is a French economist who won the 2014 Nobel Prize for his analysis of market power and regulation, providing frameworks that governments use to regulate oligopolies and platform industries.

Joseph Murray was a pioneering American surgeon renowned for his groundbreaking work in transplant surgery. His meticulous technique facilitated the world’s initial successful kidney transplant in 1954, establishing a new standard of care. This achievement earned him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or...

Ronald Coase (1910–2013) was a British-born economist who spent much of his academic career in the United States and was awarded the 1991 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. His 1937 essay, "The Nature of the Firm," introduced the concept of transaction costs to explain why companies exist. L...

Joseph Stiglitz is an American economist whose research examines how unequal access to information affects markets and public policy. He shared the 2001 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with George Akerlof and Michael Spence for analyses of markets with asymmetric information. His work has...

David Card is a Canadian-American labor economist and professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He received half of the 2021 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for empirical contributions to labor economics, particularly his use of natural experiments to study minimum wages, immigr...

Robert Lucas (1937–2023) was an American economist who won the 1995 Nobel Prize for developing rational expectations theory, which transformed macroeconomics and led to the Lucas critique of policy evaluation.

Theodor Kocher was a prominent Swiss surgeon recognized globally for his groundbreaking contributions to thyroid surgery. His meticulous techniques and systematic approach, particularly in thyroidectomy – the surgical removal of the thyroid gland – significantly advanced the field during the early 2...

Claudia Goldin is an American economist and economic historian at Harvard University whose research focuses on women, work, education, and labor-market inequality. She received the 2023 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for advancing understanding of women's labor-market outcomes across hist...

Eugene Fama is an American economist associated with the University of Chicago and known for research in financial economics. His work formulated influential versions of the efficient-market hypothesis, which examines how available information is reflected in asset prices, and helped develop empiric...

George Akerlof is an American economist known for analyzing how markets behave when participants possess unequal information. His 1970 paper "The Market for Lemons" showed how uncertainty about product quality can drive high-quality goods from a market and potentially cause trade to collapse. He sha...

John Pople was a British theoretical chemist recognized for making computational quantum chemistry accessible to working scientists. He developed a series of computational methods that approximate the Schrödinger equation to predict the properties of molecules, such as their geometry and energy stat...

Joshua Angrist is an American-Israeli economist and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology whose work centers on labor economics and causal inference. He shared half of the 2021 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Guido Imbens for methodological contributions to the analys...

Simon Kuznets was an American economist and economic statistician born in the Russian Empire, in territory that is now Ukraine. He received the 1971 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for empirically grounded interpretations of economic growth and its social structure. Kuznets made major cont...

Lars Onsager was a Norwegian-American physical chemist whose work fundamentally altered the study of thermodynamic systems outside of equilibrium. In 1931, he formulated the Onsager reciprocal relations, mathematical equations showing a strict symmetry in the flow of heat, mass, and electricity. Thi...

Paul Milgrom is an American economist and Stanford University professor who was awarded the 2020 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, sharing the honor with Robert Wilson. He received the prize for his foundational improvements to auction theory and the practical design of new auction formats....

Ben Bernanke is an American economist who shared the 2022 Nobel Prize for his research on banks and financial crises, and who served as Federal Reserve Chair from 2006 to 2014 during the 2008 financial crisis.

Alexis Carrel was a prominent French surgeon recognized for his significant contributions to vascular and transplant surgery. He achieved international acclaim by developing innovative surgical techniques, notably in suturing and blood vessel repair. His work fundamentally advanced these fields, est...

Paul Flory was an American physical chemist whose research established the foundational principles of modern polymer science. Working in both academic and industrial settings, he developed statistical and mathematical models to explain how large molecules, or macromolecules, form, interact, and beha...

Robert Shiller is an American economist at Yale who shared the 2013 Nobel Prize for his empirical work on asset price volatility, developing the CAPE ratio and providing evidence against strong market efficiency.

Esther Duflo is a French-American economist at MIT who shared the 2019 Nobel Prize for her experimental approach to poverty research and became the youngest person and second woman to win the economics Nobel.

Richard Thaler is an American economist whose work helped establish behavioral economics by applying findings from psychology to economic decision-making. He developed influential accounts of mental accounting, the endowment effect, and limited self-control, and later helped formulate the policy con...