description Sultan Abdul Hamid II Overview
Abdul Hamid II was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire, ruling from 1876 until his deposition in 1909. He promulgated the Ottoman constitution in 1876 but suspended it and parliament in 1878, then governed through a centralized autocratic system while emphasizing his position as caliph. His reign included the Hamidian massacres of Armenians in 1894-1896, continued territorial losses, and the Young Turk Revolution's restoration of constitutional government in 1908. ([biographical reference](https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abd-al-hamid-ii))
help Sultan Abdul Hamid II FAQ
When did Abdul Hamid II rule the Ottoman Empire?
Abdul Hamid II was the 34th Ottoman sultan and ruled from 1876 until his deposition in 1909. His reign lasted more than three decades.
What happened to the Ottoman constitution under Abdul Hamid II?
He promulgated the Ottoman constitution in 1876. He suspended both the constitution and parliament in 1878.
How did Abdul Hamid II govern after 1878?
After suspending parliament, Abdul Hamid II governed through a centralized autocratic system. He also emphasized his position as the empire's sultan.
Why is Abdul Hamid II important in Ottoman history?
His reign linked constitutional change with strong centralized rule. He introduced the constitution in 1876, suspended it in 1878, and remained sultan until 1909.
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