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Dido and Aeneas is an English opera by Henry Purcell, with a libretto by Nahum Tate, based on the story of Dido and Aeneas from Virgil's Aeneid. Written in the late seventeenth century, it uses solo voices, chorus, strings, and continuo to portray the Trojan hero's arrival in Carthage, his departure...
Monteverdi's Eighth Book of Madrigals, 'Madrigali guerrieri et amorosi' (1638), introduced the stile concitato (agitated style) and contains the dramatic narrative 'Combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda.'
Sinfonia is a composition by Luciano Berio for eight amplified voices and orchestra, first composed in 1968 and subsequently expanded. Its third movement uses the scherzo from Mahler's Second Symphony as a structural framework while layering quotations from other music and spoken fragments from lite...
The Basilica Cistern, known in Turkish as *Yerebatan Sarnıcı*, is a large ancient subterranean water reservoir located in Istanbul, Turkey. Constructed in the 6th century under Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, it provided a crucial filtered water supply to the Great Palace of Constantinople. The vast...
Carmina Burana, catalogued as Clm 4660, is a manuscript compiled in the 13th century and later associated with Benediktbeuern Abbey in Bavaria. It preserves more than two hundred poems and dramatic texts, chiefly in Medieval Latin but also in Middle High German and Old Provençal, on subjects includi...
Carmina Burana is the conventional title of a 13th-century manuscript collection preserved as Bavarian State Library Clm 4660. Found at Benediktbeuern Abbey, it contains more than two hundred poems and dramatic pieces, mostly in Medieval Latin with some Middle High German and Old Provençal passages....
Dmitri Shostakovich's Symphony No. 13 in B-flat minor, Op. 113, is a five-movement work for bass soloist, male chorus, and orchestra, composed in 1962. It sets poems by Yevgeny Yevtushenko, beginning with "Babi Yar," which commemorates victims of the 1941 Nazi massacre near Kyiv and condemns antisem...
Belshazzar's Feast is a cantata by English composer William Walton, first performed in 1931, for baritone soloist, mixed chorus, and a large orchestra that includes prominent brass and percussion. Osbert Sitwell assembled its English text from biblical passages concerning the Babylonian feast, the w...
The Basilica of Maxentius, also known as the Basilica Nova, is a monumental civic building begun by Emperor Maxentius around 308 CE in the Roman Forum and completed by Constantine I after his victory at the Milvian Bridge in 312 CE. It was the largest basilica in Rome, measuring approximately 100 by...
Developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn, MBSR is a secular program that combines mindfulness meditation and yoga to help people manage stress, pain, and illness. It is widely used in hospitals and corporate settings because it removes religious elements while retaining the core benefits of Buddhist meditation....
Figure humaine is a secular cantata for unaccompanied double mixed chorus composed by Francis Poulenc in 1943 during the German occupation of France. Its eight movements set poems by Paul Éluard concerning suffering, resistance, human dignity, and freedom. The final movement sets Éluard's poem Liber...
Vestiva i colli is a five-voice Italian madrigal by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, setting a pastoral text about hills, fields, and the arrival of spring. It appeared in his Second Book of Madrigals for four, five, and six voices, published in 1586. Its balanced counterpoint and clearly shaped im...
Dmitri Shostakovich's Symphony No. 14 in G minor, Op. 135, is a song cycle written in 1969 for soprano, bass, string orchestra, and percussion. Its eleven movements set poems by Federico García Lorca, Guillaume Apollinaire, Wilhelm Küchelbecker, and Rainer Maria Rilke in Russian translation. Unified...
The Bells, Op. 35, is a choral symphony composed by Sergei Rachmaninoff in 1913 for soprano, tenor, baritone, chorus, and orchestra. Its four movements use Konstantin Balmont's Russian adaptation of Edgar Allan Poe's poem, tracing a progression from the silver bells of youth through wedding and alar...
Alexander Nevsky, Op. 78, is a cantata for mezzo-soprano, chorus, and orchestra assembled by Sergei Prokofiev in 1939 from music written for Sergei Eisenstein's 1938 film. Its seven movements recount the defense of medieval Novgorod against invading Teutonic Knights, culminating in the Battle on the...
Arcadelt’s “Il bianco e dolce cigno” is a Renaissance-era Italian madrigal for four voices. Composed around 1538, it represents a pivotal work in the development of the secular madrigal form. Its beauty and melodic invention quickly made it exceptionally popular throughout Europe. The piece is prima...
Carmina Burana is a scenic cantata composed by Carl Orff and first performed in 1937. It sets 24 secular poems from a medieval manuscript known as the Codex Buranus, using texts primarily in Latin, with passages in Middle High German and Old French. Written for vocal soloists, chorus, children's cho...
Oedipus Rex is an opera-oratorio by Igor Stravinsky, first performed in 1927. Jean Cocteau prepared the libretto from Sophocles' tragedy, with the sung text translated into Latin and a narrator addressing the audience in the local language. Scored for male chorus, vocal soloists, and orchestra, the...
Gurre-Lieder is an Austrian oratorio by Arnold Schoenberg completed in 1914. It tells a dramatic story of love and war set in medieval Austria. Notably, it represents a pivotal work in Schoenberg’s development, showcasing his shift towards atonality while retaining operatic scale and complex orchest...
Serenade to Music is a 1938 work by English composer Ralph Vaughan Williams, written to mark conductor Henry Wood's jubilee. Its text is adapted from the discussion of music and the night sky in the final act of Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. Vaughan Williams composed it for orchestra and six...
Orlando di Lasso was a hugely influential 16th-century composer primarily associated with the Renaissance period. He created an astonishing volume of music – exceeding two thousand compositions – spanning vocal and instrumental works across diverse styles including motets, masses, madrigals, and cha...
Guillaume de Machaut was a prominent French composer of the late medieval period. He significantly advanced musical theory through his work within the Ars Nova movement, a revolutionary approach to polyphony. His compositions, including the influential Messe de Nostre Dame, demonstrate innovative te...
A Child of Our Time is an oratorio by English composer Benjamin Britten, later revised and completed by Michael Tippett. Composed in 1941, it reflects anxieties surrounding the escalating tensions toward World War II. The work’s significance lies in its innovative use of African-American spirituals...
Berlioz’s *La Damnation de Faust* is a monumental oratorio adapting Goethe’s classic tragedy. The work utilizes a massive orchestra and chorus to depict Faust’s pact with Mephistopheles and his journey through sin and redemption. Noteworthy for its innovative orchestration and dramatic intensity, it...
Il canto sospeso is a cantata by Italian composer Luigi Nono for soprano, alto, and tenor soloists, mixed chorus, and orchestra. Composed in 1955 and 1956, it sets excerpts from farewell letters written by European resistance members who were condemned to death during the Second World War. Nono dist...
Cantata Profana is a secular cantata composed by Béla Bartók in 1930 for tenor and baritone soloists, double mixed chorus, and orchestra. Its Hungarian text, adapted by Bartók from Romanian colinde, tells of nine brothers who are transformed into stags and can no longer return to their former home....
The Basilica at Pompeii, constructed around 120 BCE in the city's forum, is among the earliest surviving examples of a Roman civil basilica. In Roman architecture, basilicas were secular public buildings used for legal proceedings, commercial transactions, and public gatherings rather than religious...
Harmonium is a large-scale composition for chorus and orchestra written by American composer John Adams in 1980 and 1981. Its three movements set poems by John Donne and Emily Dickinson: Negative Love, Because I could not stop for Death, and Wild Nights. The work combines repeating rhythmic and harm...
A Child of Our Time is a secular oratorio by British composer Michael Tippett, composed between 1939 and 1941 and first performed in 1944. Tippett wrote both the music and libretto, taking as his immediate subject the violence surrounding Kristallnacht and examining persecution, oppression, and mora...
A Sea Symphony is Ralph Vaughan Williams's first numbered symphony, completed around 1909 and first performed in 1910. It sets poems by Walt Whitman for soprano and baritone soloists, mixed chorus, and a large orchestra, treating the sea both literally and as an image of spiritual and cosmic explora...
